Earthling of Utility and Industrial Distribution System Course
Electrical and Power Engineering

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Earthling of Utility and Industrial Distribution System Course
Course Overview:
This course offers a professional approach pertaining to safety, reliability and protection of electronic systems focusing on grounding principles, designs and their applications.
Subjects of study include but are not limited to system grounding types, protective groundings, ground electrode systems and grounding designs for substations. Mitigation techniques for static electricity hazards, lightning protection, electrical surges and noise are also touched upon.
This course will help participants learn how to design a grounded system that works with local codes and shielding of sensitive equipment.
This course is meant for engineers, technicians, and planners, preparing them for a variety of grounding problems associated with industrial and commercial systems in a working environment.
Course Objectives:
- The basic principles of grounding of electrical systems
- The function of power system grounding and the various options available
- Role of protective grounding in ensuring safety; sizing of grounding conductors
- Importance of equipotential bonding in ensuring safety
- Design of ground electrodes, measurement of soil resistivity and ground electrode resistance
- Fundamental principles in the design of grounding systems in substations
- Solving static electricity-related hazards by grounding and bonding
- Role of grounding in protecting substation structures from lightning hazard
- Role of grounding in surge protection of power distribution equipment and sensitive systems
- Noise in electrical systems and the role of grounding in noise mitigation.
Who Should Attend?
- Instrumentation and Control Engineers
- Consulting Engineers
- Electrical Engineers
- Project Engineers
- Maintenance Engineers
- Power System Protection and Control Engineers
- Building Service Designers
- Data Systems Planners and Managers
- Electrical and Instrumentation Technicians
Course Outlines:
Overview:
- Basics of grounding
- Bonding
- Role of grounding in lightning protection
- Ground electrodes and factors affecting their efficiency
- Grounding issues in outdoor substations
- Grounding for static charges
- Surge Protection
- Importance of grounding in mitigation of noise in sensitive circuits
- Importance of Local Codes
Power Supply System Grounding
- Types of system grounding
- Ungrounded systems
- Solidly grounded systems
- Impedance grounding using neutral reactor
- Resonant grounding using neutral reactor
- Impedance grounding through neutral resistance
- Classification of supply systems based on grounding
- Point of grounding
- Other challenges
Protective Grounding
- Electric shock, its cause and effects
- Direct and indirect contact
- Touch and step potential
- Role of protective grounding in minimizing the shock hazards
- Equipotential bonding
- Protective grounding conductors and installation
- Ground fault protection
- System classification based on system/protective grounding
Ground Electrode Systems
- Soil resistance and factors affecting soil resistivity
- Measurement of soil resistivity
- Resistance of ground electrode and distribution of resistance in surrounding soil layers
- Electrode current capacity
- Ground electrode configurations
- Parallel electrodes
- Ground electrode resistance measurement
- Chemical electrodes
- Concrete encased electrodes and splicing methods
- Corrosion of buried electrodes
- Grounding system maintenance
Substation Grounding Design
- Grounding practices
- Basic design approach
- Calculating the ground fault current
- Ground potential rise in HV systems
- Grounding design in LV and MV substations/installations
- Grounding grid design for HV/EHV substations - A step-by-step approach
- Introduction to 2-layer soil model
- Transferred potential and ways of avoiding
- Points needing special attention in substation grounding design and for GIS
- equipment
- Design of substations containing converter equipment feeding to HVDC transmission systems
- Ensuring effective substation grounding - Important aspects
Static Electricity And Protection
- What is static electricity and how is it generated?
- Examples of static charge build up and its dangers
- Energy of spark due to static electricity
- Ways of controlling static build up
- Risk assessment and preventive measures
Grounding For Lightning Protection Of Buildings And Structures
- The physics of lightning
- Lightning incidence in different land masses
- Lightning strike probability
- Lightning protection
- Planning for protection and decision factors
- Improved approach to lightning protection and non-conventional systems
- Effect of lightning strikes on electrical installations
Surges And Surge Protection
- Surges, their causes and mitigation
- The ways by which surges couple into electrical circuits
- Bonding of grounding systems
- Basic principle of surge protection and commonly used surge protection devices
- Graded surge protection
- Selecting appropriate surge protective devices and their positioning in a system
- Importance of correct grounding practices for sensitive equipment
- Other ways and devices for mitigating surge problems
- Comparative merits of different types of SPDs for sensitive equipment
- Hybrid surge protective devices
- Surge protection of telemetry and data communication systems
Electrical Noise And Mitigation
- Definition of electrical noise
- How are sensitive circuits affected?
- Noise categories
- Noise from power electrical equipment
- Noise coupling into signal circuits
- Noise mitigation measures
- Role of proper grounding in reducing noise
- Noise control by proper grounding of UPS derived supplies
Summary, Open Forum and Closing